Potency of Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
Table showing the beta-1 blockade potency ratios for beta-adrenergic receptor blockers compared to propranolol.
 Source: resourceclinical.com |
| Clinical Resource: Table |
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UK Prospective Diabetes Study Risk EngineRisk calculators based on equations from the Framingham Heart Study tend to underestimate risks for people with diabetes as this study included relatively few diabetic subjects. The UKPDS Risk Engine is a type 2 diabetes specific risk calculator based on 53,000 patients years of data from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study, which also provides an approximate 'margin of error' for each estimate.
The University of Edinburgh
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 Source: cvrisk.mvm.ed.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Calculator |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
JBS3 Risk Calculator
Joint British Societies for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
The JBS3 risk calculator is a tool to help communicate the risk of CVD and the benefits of interventions, whether they are lifestyle or pharmacological.
The JBS3 Risk Calculator with its new measures and communication tools aims to empower patients to make appropriate decisions about their lifestyle and drug treatments based on a better understanding of their personal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. It helps GPs and Clinicians to address three key questions for their patients:
- Why should I start CVD risk reduction?
- When should I start?
- What should I do?
| Source: jbs3risk.com |
| Clinical Resource: Calculator |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 19/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
The ASSIGN Score
ASSIGN is a cardiovascular risk score developed in Dundee University, Scotland in 2006.
ASSIGN includes social deprivation for the first time, and family history of cardiovascular disease with the classic risk factors.
It identifies people free of cardiovascular disease most likely to develop it over ten years. ‘High risk’ (score 20 or more) implies risk-lowering medication and/or other medical help.
ASSIGN is the cardiovascular risk score chosen for use by SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) and Scottish Government Health Directorates.
| Source: assign-score.com |
| Clinical Resource: Calculator |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
HeartScore: cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment and management
The interactive tool for predicting and managing the risk of heart attack and stroke
HeartScore is aimed at supporting clinicians in optimizing individual cardiovascular risk reduction. It is the electronic and interactive version of the SCORE (Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation) risk charts, published by the European Society of Cardiology.
| Source: heartscore.org |
| Clinical Resource: Tool |
| Register to Access Content: Yes - registration is FREE |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
The Renal Association Guideline - Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
| Source: renal.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 30/12/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Risks in Women
A Short Guide for Menopause Physicians
The guide provides details of the key cardiovascular risk factors in women and describes how risk can be determined and monitored within the gynaecological setting, and in which populations. The guide contains practical guidance for menopause physicians to follow to help them to reduce cardiovascular risk in their patients.
| Source: imsociety.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guide |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: aace.com |
| Clinical Resource: Position Statement |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: fsrh.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guidance |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 10/06/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Contraceptive Hormone Use and Cardiovascular Disease
This review outlines the physiology and mechanisms of cardiovascular action of contraceptive hormones, particularly those found in OCs. It includes basic science, animal and human clinical studies that address contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease. We also review the current guidelines for contraceptive hormone use in women with elevated cardiovascular risk.
| Source: content.onlinejacc.org |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 08/04/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Cardiovascular disease - Lipids
The resources which are available for this therapeutic topic can be accessed via the menu on the left-hand side of the page. The e-learning home page suggests ways in which you may like to use the wide variety of e-learning materials.
| Source: webarchive.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: e-Learning |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 24/04/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Bandolier Knowledge
Statins
In these pages contain stories from Bandolier relating to statins. They will be supplemented by additional material, as resources become available through sponsorship or other means.
| Source: bandolier.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Evidence Based Abstracts |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 13/06/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Lipid Modification
Frequently Asked Questions
This guidance represents the consensus view of the South London Cardiac Network Prescribing Forum.
| Source: slcsn.nhs.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guidance |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Update on Lipid-Lowering Therapies
This bulletin will focus on the different types of lipid-lowering agents and their uses.
| Source: stjames.ie |
| Clinical Resource: Medicines Information Centre Bulletin |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Management of hyperlipidaemia
This article focusses on primary hypercholesterolaemia, its relationship with CHD, and its management in the community setting.
| Source: racgp.org.au |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: diabetologists-abcd.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Position Paper |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: aace.com |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
| Source: endocrine.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 07/06/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: kidney.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 21/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Be on the Alert for Increasing Drug Interactions with Statins
Statins are very safe drugs that occasionally produce adverse events. Toxicity involving skeletal muscles most commonly results in pain, weakness, or cramps with or without creatine kinase elevations (myalgia or myopathy), but it usually is not associated with longterm sequelae. Rhabdomyolysis is a much more severe form of muscle toxicity that is quite rare. Both types of statin toxicity, however, appear to be drug-dose– and plasma-concentration– related. The coadministration of drugs that interact with statins can increase the risk of muscle toxicity by up to 10- fold.
| Source: hanstenandhorn.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Q: What is the best time of day to administer the statins?
Drugs such as lovastatin, simvastatin, and fluvastatin have relatively short elimination half-lives and their labeling recommends they be taken in the evening. On the other hand, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and pravastatin, along with their metabolites, possess half-lives of twenty or more hours. Labeling for these three agents advises that they be administered at any time of the day.
| Source: duq.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Pharmaceutical Information Centre Publication |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Statins: Morning vs Evening Dosing?
Optimal Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering -- Morning Versus Evening Statin Administration
| Source: medscape.com |
| Clinical Resource: Viewpoint |
| Register to Access Content: Yes - registration is FREE |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
The following table lists which lipid regulating medicines do not contain lactose, i.e. are defined as lactose-free.
| Source: sps.nhs.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Medicines Question and Answer |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/09/16 | Link Error: Report It |
European Society of Hypertension Clinical Practice Newsletters
The European Society of Hypertension has on a regular basis issued Scientific Newsletters: Update on Hypertension Management on the latest news and research.
| Source: eshonline.org |
| Clinical Resource: Newsletters |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 19/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
American Society of Hypertension Position Papers
| Source: ash-us.org |
| Clinical Resource: Position Papers |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
2013 Canadian Hypertension Education Program Recommendations
| Source: hypertension.ca |
| Clinical Resource: Recommendations |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: aace.com |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: ishib.org |
| Clinical Resource: Consensus Statement |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: ishib.org |
| Clinical Resource: Algorithm |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
New Hypertension Guidelines: Do Blood Pressure Goals Need to Change with Age?
The focus of this newsletter is to highlight the key recommendations and controversies with JNC8 guidelines in the context of the scientific literature to date.
| Source: oregonstate.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Newsletter |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 23/10/15 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: kidney.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 21/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Management of Hypertension for People with Diabetes
Hypertension is a common problem in people with diabetes. This resource provides a summary for practicing clinicians about the treatment of hypertension in people with diabetes
| Source: hypertension.ca |
| Clinical Resource: Clinical Paper |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
British Hypertension Society - Therapeutics
Descriptions and usage of the various classes of drugs most commonly used to treat hypertension.
Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Blockers)
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
Centrally Acting Agents
Direct Renin Inhibitors
Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics
Other Diuretics
Potent Direct Vasodilators
| Source: bhsoc.org |
| Clinical Resource: |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 17/02/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Bandolier Knowledge
Blood pressure, lifestyle and treatment
This site takes a look at things that put up your blood pressure, especially salt, and how changing lifestyle can reduce your blood pressure.
| Source: bandolier.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Evidence Based Abstracts |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 13/06/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Management of hypertension and pre-eclampsia in pregnancy
The authors discuss the importance of early identification of women at risk of developing hypertension or pre-eclampsia during pregnancy.
| Source: eu.wiley.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 07/05/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Blood Pressure Measurement
Recommendations of the British Hypertension Society
This Website is the result of a collaborative project between the British Hypertension Society and the British Medical Journal. It was designed and constructed by the Faculty of Medicine & Medical Sciences Medi-CAL Unit at the University of Aberdeen. Its content was prepared by clinical experts at the University of Aberdeen and the Blood Pressure Unit of Beaumont Hospital, Dublin and members of the BHS Working Party Group.
| Source: abdn.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Various |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Blood Pressure Measurement With Electronic Blood Pressure Monitors
| Source: bhsoc.org |
| Clinical Resource: Poster |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Blood Pressure Measurement With With Manual Blood Pressure Monitors
| Source: bhsoc.org |
| Clinical Resource: Poster |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Decongestant Use in Hypertension
This article will focus on standards of care and medications used for nasal congestion, including oral and topical nasal decongestants and alternatives to decongestants.
| Source: uspharmacist.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 25/03/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Orthostatic hypotension: a review of the diagnosis and management
Orthostatic hypotension is a common problem in the elderly that can lead to potentially dangerous situations such as falls, blackouts and light-headedness. The condition has a number of possible causes and, fortunately, an increasing number of potential treatments. Drs James Milton and Aza Abdulla present a guide to the causes, investigations and treatment of this condition.
| Source: gmjournal.co.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 05/03/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Guideline > Management of Stable Angina
| Source: sign.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 28/09/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Current approaches to the management of stable angina
Current angina management focuses on the prevention of future cardiac events and control of symptoms. Our Drug review describes the various antianginal drugs available, followed by sources of further information and an analysis of prescription data.
| Source: eu.wiley.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Cardiovascular disease - Post MI
The resources which are available for this therapeutic topic can be accessed via the menu on the left-hand side of the page. The e-learning home page suggests ways in which you may like to use the wide variety of e-learning materials.
| Source: webarchive.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: e-Learning |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 24/04/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Current Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome
This bulletin will review the clinical presentation and current management of acute coronary syndromes.
| Source: stjames.ie |
| Clinical Resource: Medicines Information Centre Bulletin |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Guideline > Acute Coronary Syndrome
| Source: sign.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 28/09/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Acute coronary syndrome
The term ‘acute coronary syndrome’ encompasses STEMI, NSTEMI, and UA. The electrocardiogram identifies those with STEMI. An elevated troponin level measured at least 12 hours after the onset of pain distinguishes NSTEMI from UA. However, the separation of NSTEMI and UA is somewhat artificial, as the management of individual patients is based on their risk score, with troponin being only a small part of the equation.
| Source: rcpe.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Optimizing the Dose of Clopidogrel and Aspirin in Acute Coronary Syndrome
A management goal in ACS is relief of ischemia by initiating pharmacological therapy with aspirin or clopidogrel. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature regarding the dosing of aspirin and clopidogrel in ACS.
| Source: ufl.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Publication |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Does Calcium Supplementation Increase the Risk of MI?
Clinical Question: Does calcium (Ca+) supplementation contribute to increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and other cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
| Source: acfp.ca |
| Clinical Resource: Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 21/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Guideline > Management of Chronic Heart Failure
| Source: sign.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 28/09/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Treatment of chronic heart failure
This bulletin discusses the drug treatment of CHF associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
| Source: wemerec.org |
| Clinical Resource: Medicines Resource Centre Bulletin |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 16/11/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Evidence-based drug therapy in the management of heart failure
This article provides an update on the drug treatment for heart failure (HF) mostly based on the recent clinical guidelines issued by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). New high quality evidence from randomised controlled trials has resulted in greater value being given to the use of beta-blockers (BBs) and to the use of the hydralazine-nitrate combination. The importance of monitoring laboratory and clinical parameters to ensure safe and effective drug treatment is also highlighted.
| Source: mcppnet.org |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
The resources which are available for this therapeutic topic can be accessed via the menu on the left-hand side of the page. The e-learning home page suggests ways in which you may like to use the wide variety of e-learning materials.
| Source: webarchive.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: e-Learning |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 24/04/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Heart Failure
Heart failure develops when the heart, via an abnormality of cardiac function (detectable or not), fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues or is able to do so only with an elevated diastolic filling pressure.
| Source: medscape.com |
| Clinical Resource: Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Beta-Blockers for Treatment of Heart Failure in the Elderly
Pharmacotherapy for heart failure focuses on neurohormonal blocking strategies using predominantly angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers, both conferring improved outcomes in patients with systolic chronic heart failure. Despite this, there is ongoing underutilisation of beta-blockers in this context in clinical practice. Advanced age is cited as a common reason for non-prescription of beta-blockers. The concerns are usually perceived reduced efficacy and tolerability of the drug class.
| Source: shpa.org.au |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Guide for initiation and up-titration of beta-blockers in patients with heart failure
| Source: saferx.co.nz |
| Clinical Resource: Guide |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Guide for initiation and up-titration of ACE inhibitors in patients with heart failure
| Source: saferx.co.nz |
| Clinical Resource: Guide |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
The management of hyperuricemia and gout in patients with heart failure
The treatment of gout in patients with heart failure is complicated by their fragile volume state and chronic renal failure, both of which prohibit the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. Moreover, drug interactions exist between drugs used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout and pharmacological agents used for the therapy of heart failure. This review therefore focuses on the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout in patients with heart failure.
| Source: eu.wiley.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 17/06/14 | Link Error: Report It |
The Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) is a calculator of projected survival at baseline and after interventions for patients with heart failure.
| Source: washington.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Calculator |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 05/01/15 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: sign.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 28/09/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Arrhythmia Alliance Toolkit
- Patient & Professional Information Sheets
- Checklists
- Booklets
- Paediatric Resources
- Care Pathways
- Drug Protocols
| Source: heartrhythmcharity.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Toolkit |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Composite List of All QTDrugs and the List of Drugs to Avoid for Patients with Congenital LQTS
QT Drugs Lists: This portal includes QTdrugs.org, a list of drugs categorized by their potential to cause QT prolongation and/or torsades de pointes (TdP).
The lists can be exported as PDF or Excel files, printed and can be searched and sorted by: Generic Name, Brand Name, Risk Category, Pharmacologic Class, and Therapeutic Use.
| Source: crediblemeds.org |
| Clinical Resource: Lists |
| Register to Access Content: Yes - registration is FREE |
| Last Checked: 22/11/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Drug-Induced QT Prolongation
Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval has been known to occur after administration of antiarrhythmics formore than 20 years. Recently, drug-induced long QT syndrome (LQTS) has been observed after administration of non-antiarrhythmic medications. The additional attention paid to the mechanisms of hereditary QT prolongation has led to numerous advances in our understanding of how drugs produce QT prolongation.
| Source: utah.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Poison Control Centre Newsletter |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 21/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
QT Prolongation, Torsades de Pointes, and Drug Safety
The term torsades de pointes(TdP) is used to describe a polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia that occurs only in the presence of a prolonged QT interval.
| Source: uwyo.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Newsletter |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Atrial Fibrillation
The resources which are available for this therapeutic topic can be accessed via the menu on the left-hand side of the page. The e-learning home page suggests ways in which you may like to use the wide variety of e-learning materials.
| Source: webarchive.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: e-Learning |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 24/04/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Bandolier Knowledge
Atrial fibrillation
This site is gathering the best evidence available about atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
| Source: bandolier.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Evidence Based Abstracts |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 13/06/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Update on Oral Anticoagulation Therapy
This, the first of two bulletins will review the pharmacology of the OACs and summarise the evidence for the use of the new OACs(NOACs). A companion bulletin will provide an update on the management of non-valvular AF.
Update on Management of Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation
This, the second of two bulletins, will outline the management of non-valvular AF in current practice.
AF is associated with increased rates of death, stroke and other thromboembolic events, heart failure and hospitalisations, reduced quality of life, reduced exercise capacity and left ventricular dysfunction. Management includes prevention of AF-related thromboembolic events, rhythm and/or rate control, adequate therapy of concomitant cardiac disease and relief of concomitant symptoms.
| Source: stjames.ie |
| Clinical Resource: Medicines Information Centre Bulletins |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 16/12/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Current management of atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is a common condition and carries the risk of cerebral thromboembolism.The CHADS2 score is often used to stratify this risk. Anticoagulant therapy with warfarin significantly reduces this risk, but there are limitations to its use. This has prompted the use of antiplatelet drugs. Patients with mitral valve disease should always be considered for anticoagulant therapy. However for other patients with atrial fibrillation, the decision about which drug to use is based on the patient's risk of thromboembolism. In addition to stroke prevention, management is directed towards restoring and maintaining sinus rhythm or controlling the ventricular rate in those for whom permanent atrial fibrillation is accepted.
| Source: nps.org.au |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 08/08/16 | Link Error: Report It |
NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde Guidelines on the Management of Persistant Atrial Fibrillation
| Source: nhsggc.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Anticoagulation for Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation in Older People
Stroke risk stratification schemes have been developed to guide assessment of risks versus benefits. Other considerations in older people include monitoring anticoagulation, and assessing falls risk, compliance and the potential for drug interactions. A range of novel oral anticoagulants, such as direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors, have been developed. These anticoagulants have demonstrated advantages in safety, efficacy and convenience of use in large randomised clinical trials. These novel anticoagulants could provide alternatives to warfarin for preventing stroke in older people with AF.
| Source: shpa.org.au |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
UKCPA (United Kingdom Clinical Pharmacy Association) position statement on the introduction of new oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
This position statement is intended to assist decision makers in defining the appropriate use of NOACs for stroke prevention in AF until national guidance is published and long-term service redesign can be implemented.
| Source: ukcpa.net |
| Clinical Resource: Position Statement |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: swmit.nhs.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Frequently Asked Questions |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 15/08/16 | Link Error: Report It |
SPARC - Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Risk Tool
for estimating risk of stroke and benefits & risks of antithrombotic therapy in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation
| Source: sparctool.com |
| Clinical Resource: Tool |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention in elderly people
This article reviews antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatments used for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, with reference to evidence for risk of bleeding, and discusses risk stratification for starting warfarin.
| Source: gmjournal.co.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 05/03/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Anne Arundel Medical Center
Guidelines for Use of Intravenous Amiodarone (Cordarone®)
| Source: aahs.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/02/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Amiodarone monitoring protocol
Derbyshire Medicine Management Prescribing and Guidelines
| Source: derbyshiremedicinesmanagement.nhs.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Protocol |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 19/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Q: Is there a risk in using amiodarone in patients with iodine hypersensitivity?
A: Amiodarone is a popular drug for the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Each 200 mg tablet contains 75 mg (37.3%) of iodine. The product literature includes a contraindication to its use in patients with hypersensitivity to iodine. The question arises, what is iodine hypersensitivity?
| Source: duq.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Pharmaceutical Information Centre Publication |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 15/04/14 | Link Error: Report It |
European Stroke Organization Guideline Update – January 2009
The ESO Guidelines have been updated with regard to thrombolytic therapy. The modifications were discussed and prepared at the Karolinska Stroke Update Meeting, November 2008, and have been approved by the ESO Guideline Committee and the ESO Executive Committee.
| Source: eso-stroke.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline and Update |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 19/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: sign.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 28/09/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for Stroke Care
The Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for Stroke Care are intended to provide up-to-date evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and management of stroke.
| Source: strokebestpractices.ca |
| Clinical Resource: Recommendations |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Cardiovascular disease - Stroke
The resources which are available for this therapeutic topic can be accessed via the menu on the left-hand side of the page. The e-learning home page suggests ways in which you may like to use the wide variety of e-learning materials.
| Source: webarchive.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: e-Learning |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 24/04/15 | Link Error: Report It |
The Internet Stroke Center
Stroke Resources for Health Professionals
The Internet Stroke Center provides health professionals with multiple tools and educational presentations about stroke assessment, stroke treatment and management. Physicians and medical students will also find a library of more than 1800 images of cerebrovascular and neurological diseases.
| Source: strokecenter.org |
| Clinical Resource: Various |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Bandolier Knowledge
Stroke
In these pages are collected the stories from Bandolier relating to stroke.
| Source: bandolier.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Evidence Based Abstracts |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 13/06/17 | Link Error: Report It |
European Stroke Organisation
Frequently Asked Questions on Stroke
- Introduction to the Management of Stroke
- Epidemiology of Stroke
- High Blood Pressure
- Diabetes and Stroke
- Lipids and Stroke
- Other Risk Factors for Stroke
- Carotid Surgery
- Antiplatelets, Therapy for Stroke Prevention
- Anticoagulant Therapy and Stroke Prevention
- Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation and Other Cardiac Sources of Embolism
- Stroke Services
| Source: eso-stroke.org |
| Clinical Resource: Frequently Asked Questions |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 19/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Massachusetts General Hospital
Stroke Service
Acute Ischemic Stroke
The protocols and guidelines we use to treat acute ischemic stroke.
- t-PA Dosing Calculator
- Thrombolysis
- Eptifibatide Dosing
| Source: massgeneral.org |
| Clinical Resource: Various |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Stroke Risk Calculator
This tool can predict a patient's stroke risk 90 days after a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA).
| Source: bmc.org |
| Clinical Resource: Tool |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Choice of antiplatelet agent for secondary prevention of stroke
The risk of recurrent stroke is as high as 43% over 10 years. Antiplatelet therapy is an accepted strategy for reduction in this risk. The common choices are aspirin, aspirin plus extended release Dipyridamole (ASA-ESDP), and clopidogrel. When selecting an antiplatelet there should be consideration of co-morbidities (especially acute coronary disease), tolerance, and recurrence of stroke while on an antiplatelet.
| Source: auspharmlist.net.au |
| Clinical Resource: Pharmacy E-Bulletin |
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| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: sign.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
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| Last Checked: 28/09/17 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: sign.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 28/09/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Glycaemic management during the inpatient enteral feeding of stroke patients with diabetes
Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for inpatient care
This document has been produced by the Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care (JBDS – IP) on behalf of Diabetes UK, the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD), and the Diabetes Inpatient Specialist Nurse (DISN) UK Group, in collaboration with NHS Diabetes and the Primary Care Diabetes Society (PCDS).
| Source: diabetologists-abcd.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
British Society for Haematology Guidelines - Haemostasis and Thrombosis
| Source: b-s-h.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guidelines |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 16/11/16 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: chestnet.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
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| Last Checked: 02/07/14 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: sign.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 28/09/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Thrombosis Canada Clinical Guides
The Thrombosis Canada™ Clinical Guides are:
- Developed by Thrombosis Canada™ members, internationally recognized as experts
- Reflect recommendations of evidence based clinical practice guidelines
- Designed to be robust, yet concise enough to be applicable at the point of care
| Source: thrombosiscanada.ca |
| Clinical Resource: Guides |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 02/07/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Bloody Easy Coagulation Simplified
Published by Ontario Regional Blood Coordinating Network
This handbook provides practical information on Coagulation. It is designed to enhance the knowledge of physicians, nurses and medical laboratory technologists about the basics of coagulation from laboratory testing to anticoagulant drugs and management of common bleeding disorders.
| Source: transfusionontario.org |
| Clinical Resource: Handbook |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 10/12/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Clinical Practice Guide on Antithrombotic Drug Dosing and Management of Antithrombotic Drug Associated Bleeding Complications in Adults February 2014
Presented by the American Society of Hematology, adapted in part from the American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy (9th Edition).
| Source: hematology.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guide |
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| Last Checked: 20/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: sign.ac.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 28/09/17 | Link Error: Report It |
e-VTE
A web based education resource designed to help raise awareness and improve understanding of Venous Thromboembolism
The e-learning session for healthcare professionals in Secondary Care first published in 2010 and updated in 2013 is aimed at nurses, pharmacists and junior doctors to help them understand the concept of hospital-associated thrombosis and how to prevent it.
| Source: e-lfh.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: CE / CPD / Learning |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 19/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Lifeblood: The Thrombosis Charity
Professional Section
The professional section offers healthcare professionals an extensive resource to stay up to date with the latest developments in the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism.
Professional
- Hospital-Based Health Professionals
- GP's and Community Healthcare Professionals
| Source: thrombosis-charity.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Various |
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| Last Checked: 02/07/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Venous thrombosis is the process of clot (thrombus) formation within veins. Although this can occur in any venous system, the predominant clinical events occur in the vessels of the leg, giving rise to deep vein thrombosis, or in the lungs, resulting in a pulmonary embolus. Collectively referred to as venous thromboembolism, these have a high prevalence both in the community and in hospitals, and bring a considerable burden of morbidity and possible mortality.
| Source: nih.gov |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Pulmonary embolism
This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic process, and treatment of pulmonary embolism.
| Source: racgp.org.au |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
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| Last Checked: 02/07/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Diagnosing pulmonary embolism
Objective testing for pulmonary embolism is necessary, because clinical assessment alone is unreliable and the consequences of misdiagnosis are serious. No single test has ideal properties (100% sensitivity and specificity, no risk, low cost).
| Source: europepmc.org |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
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| Last Checked: 07/04/14 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: rcog.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
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| Last Checked: 19/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: rcog.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
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| Last Checked: 19/08/15 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: fsrh.org |
| Clinical Resource: Statement |
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| Last Checked: 10/06/15 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: fsrh.org |
| Clinical Resource: Statement |
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| Last Checked: 10/06/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Management of venous thrombosis in pregnancy
The management of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy is challenging, as many diagnostic tests are less accurate in pregnant than in non-pregnant patients, and some of the radiological procedures are potentially hazardous to the fetus. In addition, anticoagulant treatment with coumarins can cause embryopathy. The authors recommend strategies for women at risk of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary thromboembolism during pregnancy and outline appropriate investigations and treatment.
| Source: eu.wiley.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 07/05/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Prescribing clopidogrel with asprin
The possibility of combining aspirin and clopidogrel for more stable cardiovascular disease, to give added benefit, appears attractive. However, studies have shown that combining their effects could also increase the risk of adverse effects, in particular the risk of bleeding. This document discusses these studies and the implications for practice.
| Source: wemerec.org |
| Clinical Resource: Medicines Resource Centre E-Note |
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| Last Checked: 16/11/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Reducing the risk of adverse thrombotic events
The role of aspirin and clopidogrel
Clopidogrel and aspirin both inhibit platelet aggregation, but have differing mechanisms of action that are additive in terms of antithrombotic function. The additive antithrombotic effect of aspirin and clopidogrel combination therapy provides additional clinical benefit compared to monotherapy in some circumstances, but the risk of major bleeding with combination therapy is greater than with either agent alone.
| Source: racgp.org.au |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
WarfarinDosing.org
Welcome to WarfarinDosing.org, a free Web site to help doctors and other clinicians begin warfarin therapy by estimating the therapeutic dose in patients new to warfarin. This site is supported by the Barnes-Jewish Hospital at Washington University Medical Center, the NIH, and donations. Estimates are based on clinical factors and (when available) genotypes of two genes: cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1).
Recommendations on this Web site are based on data from over 1000 patients.Once information is entered onto the next page, the initial estimate of therapeutic dose explains 53% of the variability in a warfarin dose. If you return to the Web site and enter an INR value after 3 and/or 4 warfarin doses, the dose refinement is even more accurate.
| Source: warfarindosing.org |
| Clinical Resource: Calculator |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 17/02/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Management of Warfarin Overdose and Supratherapeutic INR
Full reversal of warfarin-induced coagulopathy is indicated in patients who do not require warfarin therapy. However, special consideration must be given to patients who require therapeutic anticoagulation in the event of a warfarin overdose. The purpose of this discussion is to review treatment guidelines for these patents.
| Source: utah.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Poison Control Centre Newsletter |
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| Last Checked: 02/07/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Laboratory Monitoring of Warfarin Therapy
Crystalline warfarin sodium (Coumadin, Panwarfin, Sofarin, Coufarin, Athrombin-K) is the most widely used oral anticoagulant in the world. Warfarin interferes with the hepatic synthesis of the vitamin-K dependent coagulation factors by interfering with the vitamin K cycle. Laboratory monitoring of warfarin therapy is mandatory, since the agent has a relatively narrow therapeutic range.
| Source: pathology.vcu.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Educational Resource |
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| Last Checked: 17/02/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Warfarin, antiplatelet drugs and their interactions
Patients who are being treated with warfarin may sometimes be prescribed or buy antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin. As warfarin and antiplatelet drugs increase the risk of bleeding, their combination can put patients at risk of a major haemorrhage. This risk may be further increased by the patient's age and other illnesses.
| Source: nps.org.au |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 08/08/16 | Link Error: Report It |
Warfarin Drug Interactions
The drugs in this list are more usually associated with loss of INR control in patients already established on warfarin.
| Source: derbyhospitals.nhs.uk |
| Clinical Resource: List |
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| Last Checked: 02/07/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Anticoagulants and pregnancy: When are they safe?
While anticoagulants are useful in many circumstances, their use during pregnancy increases the risk of hemorrhage and other adverse effects on the mother and the fetus. Treatment with anticoagulants during pregnancy must therefore be carefully considered, with judicious selection of the agent, and with reflection on the physiologic changes of pregnancy to ensure appropriate dosing. In this article, we review these issues.
| Source: mdedge.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: Yes - registration is FREE |
| Last Checked: 19/06/17 | Link Error: Report It |
This Medicines Q&A focuses on the potential risks of adverse effects associated with the administration of small volume IM injections to patients taking oral anticoagulants.
| Source: sps.nhs.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Medicines Question and Answer |
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| Last Checked: 22/09/16 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: bsg.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
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| Last Checked: 13/03/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures
The Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy prepared this text.
| Source: asge.org |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
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| Last Checked: 02/07/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Using low molecular weight heparin
This bulletin looks at the appropriate prescribing and monitoring of LMWH for the treatment and prophylaxis of VTE in adults.
| Source: wemerec.org |
| Clinical Resource: Medicines Resource Centre Bulletin |
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| Last Checked: 16/11/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Enoxaparin in patients with severe renal impairment
There have been a number of medication incidents reported recently involving the use of enoxaparin in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30ml/min) who, as a result of treatment have suffered a haemorrhage.
| Source: medicinesgovernance.hscni.net |
| Clinical Resource: Memo |
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| Last Checked: 31/03/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Laboratory Monitoring of Low Molecular Weight Heparins
Routine laboratory monitoring is not routinely required, with the exception of patients with renal insuffciency. However, since LMWHs inhibit factor Xa more than thrombin, assays for anti-factor Xa activity, rather than the aPTT, must be used for monitoring.
| Source: pathology.vcu.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Educational Resource |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 17/02/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Laboratory Monitoring of Unfractionated Heparin
Heparin therapy requires rigorous laboratory monitoring with the activated partial thromboplastim time (aPPT), since its bioavailability is variably affected by binding to plasma and cellular proteins. Unfractionated heparin is gradually being replaced by low molecular weight heparin, which has a longer half-life and more predictable bioavailability.
| Source: pathology.vcu.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Educational Resource |
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| Last Checked: 17/02/14 | Link Error: Report It |
The essentials of diet and supplements for improving cardiovascular health
Approximately two-thirds of adults are now overweight or obese. The lifetime incidence of hypertension is 90%, diabetes or prediabetes affects one in three people, and CV disease kills almost half of us. Physicians have an ever-expanding array of prescription drugs to treat these problems, but relying exclusively on pharmacologic therapies, which are often expensive and occasionally toxic, to treat epidemics caused by a maladaptive diet is less rational than simply realigning our eating habits to conform to the natural diet on which we are genetically programmed to thrive.
| Source: pccj.eu |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
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| Last Checked: 24/02/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Supplementation of Vitamins E and C for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, betacarotene and vitamin E have been studied in numerous clinical trials to prove that supplementation reduces risk of cardiovascular events.
| Source: belmont.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Drug Information Centre Newsletter |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 24/02/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Antiplatelet effects of Fish Oil supplements
Two of the most important omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
| Source: auspharmlist.net.au |
| Clinical Resource: Pharmacy E-Bulletin |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 24/02/14 | Link Error: Report It |
Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal safety of NSAIDs
This article summarises current evidence of relative CV and GI risks for non-aspirin NSAIDs and highly selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs), and provides prescribing advice which is consistent with previous advice from the Commission on Human Medicines.
| Source: webarchive.org.uk |
| Clinical Resource: National Prescribing Centre Publication |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 24/04/15 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: wales.nhs.uk |
| Clinical Resource: Guideline |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Oral Adverse Drug Reactions to Cardiovascular Drugs
This review focuses on those cardiovascular drugs reported to induce oral drug reactions. In addition, it will provide data on specific drugs or drug classes, and outline and discuss recent research on possible mechanisms linking ADRs to drug metabolism patterns.
| Source: sagepub.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 25/03/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Is it safe to use beta-blockers for cardiac disease in people with COPD?
Cardioselective beta-blockers such as metoprolol and atenolol are usually safe and effective in patients with well controlled COPD with or without a reversible obstructive component. Carvedilol (a combined non-selective beta-blocker and alpha-blocker) also appears to be safe to use in COPD patients without reversible airways obstruction.
| Source: bpac.org.nz |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
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| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Beta-Blockers and Beta-Agonists: What Is the Risk?
Beta-agonists are commonly used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Beta-blocker use in asthma has been widely studied. In general, cardioselective beta-blockers (eg, acebutolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, celiprolol, metoprolol) appear to be effective for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmias, hypertension, heart failure, and acute coronary syndrome without increased risk of asthma exacerbation.
| Source: hanstenandhorn.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 12/06/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Beta-blocker selectivity and airways obstruction
In this Drug Points article the author describes a case of unrecognised airways disease where prescribing timolol resulted in shortness of breath and comments on the issues it raises
| Source: eu.wiley.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Beta-blockers for the treatment of elderly patients with coexisting heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
In this review we will discuss common pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of COPD and HF and we will review the evidence derived from trials on beta-blocker use, safety and benefits among elderly patients.
| Source: sigg.it |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 12/06/17 | Link Error: Report It |
Cross-Reactivity of ACE Inhibitor–Induced Angioedema with ARBs
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are highly utilized classes of medications that affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Both have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of disease states--such as hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and myocardial infarction--in which the RAAS system plays a significant role.
| Source: uspharmacist.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 16/03/13 | Link Error: Report It |
| Source: uic.edu |
| Clinical Resource: Frequently Asked Question |
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| Last Checked: 04/12/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Interactions between drugs for erectile dysfunction and drugs for cardiovascular disease
The present review will focus on the effects of drugs for cardiovascular disease on erectile function and make special emphasis on the interactions of drugs for treatment of ED with drugs for treatment of heart disease.
| Source: nature.com |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 22/04/13 | Link Error: Report It |
Perioperative Cardiac Management
The cardiovascular systems of patients who undergo general anesthesia and noncardiac surgical procedures are subject to multiple stresses and complications. A previously stable patient may decompensate postoperatively, leading to significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. A substantial number of all deaths among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery are caused by cardiovascular complications.
| Source: medscape.com |
| Clinical Resource: Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 25/02/15 | Link Error: Report It |
Preoperative cardiac evaluation and management of patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery
In this article, we supplement evidence presented in previous guidelines relating to preoperative evaluation and management of cardiac risk in patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery.
| Source: mja.com.au |
| Clinical Resource: Journal Article |
| Register to Access Content: No |
| Last Checked: 25/02/15 | Link Error: Report It |
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